![]() ![]() The two most common verbs that follow this pattern are: If a verb ends in -ER or -IR, and there is a vowel right before the stem, there will be a spelling change and changes in accents. zar ‘yo’ ending changes to -cé empezar: yo empecé gar ‘yo’ ending changes to -gué llegar: yo llegué car ‘yo’ ending changes to -qué practicar: yo practiqué Verbs ending in -car,-gar, and -zar carry changes in the ‘yo’ form of the preterite. Imperfect section, but for now, let’s focus on the preterite itself. We’ll go into more detail in the Preterite vs. The preterite is used to convey actions in the past, usually those that have already been completed. Ver: visto poner: puesto hacer: hecho abrir: abiertoĭecir: dicho volver: vuelto romper: roto ir: ido There are a few common irregulars that are useful to know on the exam: To form the past participle, add -ado (for -AR verbs) or -ido (for -ER / -IR verbs) to the stem.įor example, to say “I have talked to my grandmother on the phone,” we would say: To form the present perfect, use the following formula: haber + past participle. This tense is used to express that you have done something. If an -ER or -IR verb has vowel before the ending, you must add a ‘y’ to the stem in the past participle. My mother is talking on the phone: Mi madre está hablando por teléfono. We use a form of the verb estar + the gerundio to show progressive action. ![]() To form the gerundio, simply add -ando (for -AR verbs) or -iendo (for -ER and -IR verbs) to the stem. Think of it as the -ING form of verbs in English. The present participle (gerundio) is used to convey a progressive action. Haber: he, has, ha, hemos, háis, han The Present Participle Tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienenĥ. Estar: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, estánĤ. Decir: digo, dices, dice, dicemos, dicéis, dicenģ. Traer: traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traenĤ. It is also important to remember the irregular verbs. So, the stem remains the same in the nosotros and vosotros forms: nosotros queremos, vosotros jugáis, etc. * Note: stem-changing verbs only carry these changes in the singular forms and the 3 rd person plural form (i.e., yo, tú, él/ella/Ud., ellos/ellas/Uds.). Here are the major patterns and examples. Now let’s go to the hard part: Stem Changes and Irregulars Here’s a simple example: the verb hablar. Take the infinitive form of a verb, chop off the last two letters, and add a new ending. These aren’t all the topics in the Spanish language, but they are the most common on the exam with these tools in hand, you’ll be well on your way to a 5 in May. But have no fear we have all the tips you need to review the basics, and even the trickiest concepts. So here’s the thing: the AP® Spanish Language exam won’t be asking you grammar questions specifically, but graders will be watching your every grammatical move. ![]()
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