Valencia X, Higgins JM, Kiener HP, Lee DM, Podrebarac TA, Dascher CC, et al. Cadherin-11 in synovial lining formation and pathology in arthritis. Lee DM, Kiener HP, Agarwal SK, Noss EH, Watts GF, Chisaka O, et al. Joint development involves a continuous influx of Gdf5-positive cells. Cell origin, volume and arrangement are drivers of articular cartilage formation, morphogenesis and response to injury in mouse limbs. 2017 8:15040.ĭecker RS, Um HB, Dyment NA, Cottingham N, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, et al. Joint morphogenetic cells in the adult mammalian synovium. Roelofs AJ, Zupan J, Riemen AHK, Kania K, Ansboro S, White N, et al. Origin and function of synovial macrophage subsets during inflammatory joint disease. Expression of the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) in human synovium and in cultured human synovial cells. Firestein and Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Korestsky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, editors. Gravallese EM, Smolen JS, van der Heijde D, Weinblatt ME, Weisman MH, Hochberg MC. In this chapter, we will review important historical studies that provide a foundation for our understanding of synovial structure, along with recent investigations that are shedding light on the complexity of cellular functions in the synovium that contribute to joint health and disease. In many rheumatic diseases, pathologic synovitis develops which can compromise normal synovial functions. The sublining vasculature allows diffusion of nutrients and metabolites into and out of the joint space to maintain articular health. Synovial resident macrophages may be important in preventing or limiting pathologic inflammation in the joint. Synovial lining fibroblasts produce key components of synovial fluid that provide lubrication during normal movement. The cellular components and structure of the synovial membrane directly relate to these critical functions. Synovial functions include the production of synovial fluid components, the movement of nutrients and metabolites to and from the joint space, and the prevention of pathologic inflammation to limit joint tissue pathology. In healthy joints HA in the synovial fluid is constantly broken down and replaced (the average 70kg (154lb) person has approximately 15 grams of HA in the body, 33% of which is turned over every day).The synovial membrane lines the cavity of articular joints and supports joint health. Vascular and synovial membrane permeability are altered by inflammation which changes the composition of diseased synovial fluid. Viscous solutions without HA do not lubricate nearly as well as solutions containing HA of equal or lower viscosity.ĭegradation of HA decreases its lubricating ability. The lubricating properties of the synovial fluid are directly related to the HA properties: Lubrication of synovial surfaces by synovial fluids (all moving joints have synovial membranes) requires HA and occurs due to a boundary phenomenon.īoundary lubrication occurs when each load bearing surface is coated or impregnated with a thin layer of lubricant that keeps the sliding surfaces apart allowing ease of motion and a low co-efficient of friction.īoundary lubrication of articular cartilage is very effective in preventing wear and tear due to motion but loses its protective abilities under high loads (weight and activity). Synovial fluid may be thixotropic, a property of certain gels to become fluid when shaken. Standing at room temperature synovial fluid assumes a gelatine like appearance. Viscosity cushions and protects the joints. Aids in the mechanical functioning of the joints.Aids in the nutrition of the articular cartilage by acting as a transport mechanism for nutritional substances such as glucose.Lubricin is secreted from synovial fluid cells. HA is produced by synovial lining cells and is secreted into the synovial fluid. The major differences between synovial fluid and other body fluids is the high concentration of hyaluronic acid (“HA”) in the synovial fluid. Synovial Fluid (Joint Fluid) is a typical body fluid modified by components secreted by the joint tissue Clinical Study Muscle Strenght & Recovery.Clinical Study Joint Health and Mobility.
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